Econ2103 Tutorial Questions - 1354 Words

Australian School of Business School of Economics ECON 2103 BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT SEMESTER 2, 2013 LECTURE SCHEDULE (WEEKS 7-12) AND TUTORIAL PROGRAM (WEEKS 8-13) 1 Econ 2103 Weeks 7 to 12 Lectures The second half of the course will look at some of the challenges, complex questions and conflicting forces faced by government in designing and implementing policy. The lectures will examine the issues faced by government in the areas of (1) redistribution of income (2) taxation (3) affordable housing (4) aging of the population (5) privatisation ( 6) wage regulation Lecture Schedule Lectures start in Week 1and finish in Week 12. Location: Monday 5 – 7pm CLB5 The lecturer for Weeks 7-12 is: Peter Nichols ASB465 Ph: 9385†¦show more content†¦4 Week 9 23 -27 September Government and Tax Review Questions 1. Define vertical and horizontal taxation inequality. 2. Give examples of how vertical and horizontal tax inequity may occur 3. Distinguish between tax evasion and tax avoidance? 4. Why is the GST (in Australia) an example of a regressive tax? 5. How might goals of redistribution through the tax system conflict with the goal of economic growth Discussion Question 7 Explain some of the challenges faced by the Australian Government in maintaining an equitable and sustainable tax system. In your answer you may refer globalisation, political lobby groups, an aging population, tax avoidance or any other relevant issue. 5 Week 10 7-11 October Government and Affordable Housing Review Questions 1. Define the term â€Å"housing stress† 2. Name three factors impacting on the affordability of home ownership 3. Explain some factors impacting on the relationship between age and household tenure in Australia 4. Explain some of the factors behind the shortage of rental accommodation available to low income households. Is this shortage higher or lower in Sydney than in other capital cities? 5. Outline three ways in which government may attempt to make housing more affordable to low income families. Discussion Question 8 (a) What is meant by the term â€Å"affordable housing† ? (b) Is housing in Sydney more or less affordable now than

The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1530 Words

Psychology serves a Role Kids who have been a victim of maltreatment are often times hindered in development as the rest of their life plays out. No matter the starting age, a family neglect can create in kids an odd and unpleasant feeling. The constant exposure to depressors and â€Å"bring-me-downs† that effected kids see really puts them into a terrible cycle. Some cases of maltreatment lead to extraordinary stories and even more impressive characters. In Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, we can observe that Chris McCandless fell into this vicious cycle, and was effected by it throughout his adventurous life. Some of McCandless’ experiences later in life can be directly correlated with his childhood difficulties. But, in order of make sense†¦show more content†¦The way kids are raised by their parents effects their decision making and their values, beliefs and self-image until the day they die. If a kid grows up figuring things out herself or is neglected etc. , that kid is forced to do what is necessary to develop as fully as possible. Hamama and Arazi describe family relationships as being crucial in the development of the child. The article specifies that two direct ways that kids are hurt is through family cohesion and subjective well being. Family cohesion, in this article, is defined as the connections between family members that each family has, while subjective well being talks about people’s understanding of the life they live and how they react to everyday situations and how all that effects their emotional and cognitive mind. These two factors have shown to be directly correlated to children acting aggressively or unpleasant, according to Hamama and Arazi. Children’s aggression behavior includes three parts, according to Hamama and Arazi. â€Å"1. A cognitive dimension-hostility;2.an emotional dimension-anger; and 3. A behavioral dimension- physical and verbal violence† is how they defined aggressive behav ior. Those two factors are largely what influences children and their development, in Hamama and Arazi’s eyes(Hamama and Arazi). This article lays a great foundation for the explanation of Into the Wild. Into the Wild is the non-fiction story of how Chris McCandless, a normal guy in his later

Procedural Fairness and Natural Justice-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Whether there should be a procedural fairness obligation for decisions made by Cabinet. 2.What the position is for procedural fairness in the making of delegated legislation. Answers: Introduction: The decision making power for the interest of justice are the main objective of Administrative law. Procedural fairness and natural justice are the two main mechanisms of Administrative law. The term procedural fairness denotes the fair making of administrative decision[1]. This law has concentrated on the decision of the judges and the lawmakers. The future of a country is very much depended on the decisions. Therefore, it is required that the decision should fair in nature. According to Curt Griffiths, the procedural fairness makes the process of the decision fair and not act as a substantive fairness. If there is any laxity regarding the procedural fairness in a decision, the affected person may seek for judicial review[2]. The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled out certain process regarding the procedural fairness by stating the flexible character of the administrative process. Jodie Ferguson has made an attempt to find out the role of the procedural fairness in the development of the legislative content and analyse the principle in the light of present state of law in Canada. Certain dilemma are present regarding the process such as the power of the cabinet regarding the procedural fairness and how the concept affected their decisions[3]. The position of the procedural fairness in the delegated legislation has also been discussed. Discussion: The central pivot of this discussion is whether the legislative decisions have to maintain a duty regarding the procedural fairness or not. It has been observed that the law regarding the administrative process prescribed certain rules regarding the applicability of the procedural fairness to ensure the justice to all. The main objective of the doctrine is to establish a fairness provision in the decision so that the justice could not be denied[4]. It has been decided in the case of Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship that procedural fairness is protected by the legal principle and in the words of Mark Aronson, the courts should have to construe the legislation to establish the existence of procedural fairness. However, in the states of Canada, the rule or policy makers are hesitating to adopt the doctrine of procedural fairness in case of judicial review. It has been pointed out in Nicholsons case that the application of natural justice is depending on certain things and it is hard to establish the rules of quasi-judicial process in the society. Professor R. A. Macdonald is also of the view that a dilemma has been cropped up regarding the applicability of the procedural fairness on the cases of judicial review[5]. Development of procedural fairness: The approach regarding the fairness is widely approached by Professor David Mullan. According to him, the court should have to assess the review power with flexibility. He did not categorise the power as judicial or quasi-judicial. He has applied the process of procedural fairness on every types of power. He has observed that the judiciary confirmed the power of procedural fairness upon every official regarding his or her performance in case of administrative process. He believed the fact that the procedural law can better establish the theoretical approach of law[6]. The attitude of the court towards the procedural fairness has generated from the case of Nicholson. In this case, the chief justice of Supreme Court has stated that the concept of fairness needs procedural protection. The observation made by the Chief justice in the case has brought a theoretical revolution in the case of administrative law. The doctrine of procedural fairness has been divided into two parts. The first one deals with the intellectual underpinning of the procedural supervision and the second part deals with the potential application of fairness doctrine. It has been observed that the rule of natural justice is attached with the doctrine of procedural fairness reciprocally and it supports the inherent power of the court regarding the review power[7]. Prescriptive analysis is necessary for the upcoming development of the procedural review. In the case of Nicholson, it has been observed that the Police authority suspended him without giving an opportunity to make any submission regarding the same. Therefore, the process of fairness has been necessitated in this case. It has been observed by the Supreme Court that it is the right of the person to get justice and the doctrine of procedural fairness should be applicable so that serious consequence should not occurred by the statutory decisions[8]. According to the Chief Justice, the person should be treated fairly and not arbitrarily. Present state of law in Canada: The modern approach for procedural fairness has been generated by the ideology of Justice McLachlin. He has encoded his notions in a paper named The Roles of Administrative Tribunals and Courts in maintaining the Rule of Law. It has been observed by him that the public power should base on the rationality and fairness. The Supreme Court to the organizational tribunals has also delivered certain guidelines. The thinking capabilities of the decision makers should base on the fairness to ensure the justice for all. However, it has been observed that for past few decades the Canadian court or the policymakers do not maintain the applicability of the procedural fairness[9]. The modern applicability of the procedural fairness is based on the case called Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration). The present state of law in Canada is depending on the five factors observed in this case. The factors can be categorised as follows: Procedural fairness should be based on the nature of decision and the process of it; It should maintain the nature of a statutory scheme; The importance of the decision should be analysed and the outcome of it on the individuals is needed to be verified; There should be certain legitimate expectations to challenge the decisions that are not based on the procedural fairness; Maintain an integrity regarding the doctrine of procedural fairness. The fifth factor of the case is much appreciated by the Canadian policy makers and it has been observed that the increasing problem regarding the fairness can be challenged in this ground. In the case of Dunsmuir, the doctrine of procedural fairness has been reaffirmed by the court and considered the doctrine as an essential part to secure justice for others[10]. Procedural fairness obligation: The Canadian administrative law addresses the action of the government in the provinces of Canada. In this case, the administrative decision of the government can be challenged and the court can decide the matter by way of review the decision of the policymakers[11]. It has been observed and literally mentioned under the law that the decision should be based on procedural fairness. In Canadian Union of Public Employees v Ontario 2003 SCC 29, it has been proved that the legitimate expectation is to represent a clear idea through the decision and it should maintain the process of fairness. In Canada, the judicial system is based on two principles such as the natural justice and impartial judgment. There are certain legitimate expectations regarding the establishment of procedural expectation. The expectations should be maintained so that the decisions of the administration ensure the justice. The procedural fairness regarding the decisions of the cabinet was for the first time established by the case of Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration). It attempts to define both the substantive and the procedural matters of the administrative law. It has been observed by the Supreme Court that the decision of the court should be based on flexibility and certain appreciations regarding specific issues are to be mentioned. It should be taken into consideration that the decision of the cabinet or the administrative authorities should not be affected the personal justice of the human being. In the continents of Canada, the administrative tribunals are enjoying broad discretionary power regarding the acceptance of evidence and it has been observed by the Administrative Act that the powers can be governed in accordance to the stipulated principles. In Michael Di Biase v City of Vaughan, it has been observed that the natural justice should not be denied and the decision of the commissioner should be based on the procedural fairness. There is certain importance present regarding the maintenance of procedural fairness in the cabinet decision as the cabinet has to take decision on the important matters related to the internal as well as the external administration and therefore, the future of the state is very mush depended on the decisions[12]. It should be kept in mind that if the decisions are taken arbitrarily, the notion of justice could be getting affected and the idea of fairness will be deprived. Therefore, it is important to take these decisions for the interest of justice and for the well-being of the humankind. Five theories of the Bakers case have been taken for the facilitation of the process of fairness. It has been pointed out by the Supreme Court that the procedural fairness is based on the nature of the decision, role of the decision in the statutory schemes, impact of the decision on individuals, legitimate expectation for challenging the decision and choice of the procedure[13]. Procedural fairness in delegated legislation: The parliamentary system of law can be divided into two parts. The first one is the primary legislation and the second one is the secondary or delegated legislation. The rules and orders of the council and the other administrative parts of government can be regarded as the delegated legislation. Apart from this, certain bylaws and parliament sovereignty can be treated as the part of the delegated legislation. For the commencement of the process of the government, these decisions are playing an important part and therefore, it is required to maintain certain fairness regarding the applicability of the decisions[14]. The common principle of the law is to establish justice and equality among the citizen and in the words of the Martin Luther, justice delayed means justice denied. Therefore, the cabinet or the council should have to take certain decisions with fair provision. The accountability of the executive branches of the government are depended on the fair decision making process an d effective performance regarding the same should be maintained. Therefore, it can be said that the procedural fairness hold an important position in case of the delegated legislation[15]. Conclusion: Therefore, it can conclude that the mechanism regarding the procedural fairness plays an important part regarding the policymaking system of the administrative bodies and it can be stated that the rule of justice should be established through this process. It has been observed that for few decades, the mentality of the Canadian government was negative regarding the fairness and the outcome of it was grievous in nature. It is the common principle of law that if the decision of the court or any administrative tribunals do not reflect the clarity and fairness, it is impossible to secure justice[16]. However, through certain decisions, the Supreme Court observed the potentiality of the procedural fairness and bring back the process for the interest of justice. References: Asimow, Michael. "Five models of administrative adjudication."The American Journal of Comparative Law63.1 (2015): 3-32. Aylward, Stephen, and Luisa Ritacca. "In Defence of Administrative Law: Procedural Fairness for Administrative Monetary Penalties."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice28.1 (2015): 35. Carr, Cecil T.Delegated legislation. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Evans, John M. "Fair's Fair: Judging Administrative Procedures."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice28.2 (2015): 111. Ferguson, Jodie L., Pam Scholder Ellen, and William O. Bearden. "Procedural and distributive fairness: Determinants of overall price fairness."Journal of business ethics121.2 (2014): 217-231. Griffiths, Curt.Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, 5e. Vol. 5. Nelson Education, 2014. LeBel, Louis. "Notes for an address: Reflections on natural justice and procedural fairness in Canadian administrative law."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice26.1 (2013): 51. Leyland, Peter, and Gordon Anthony.Textbook on administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Pierro, Antonio, et al. "Follower need for cognitive closure as moderator of the effectiveness of leader procedural fairness."European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology23.4 (2014): 582-595. Poirier, Johanne. "Intergovernmental Agreements in Canada: At the crossroads between law and politics." (2015). Zhang, Weiyu. "Perceived procedural fairness in deliberation: Predictors and effects."Communication Research42.3 (2015): 345-364 Ferguson, Jodie L., Pam Scholder Ellen, and William O. Bearden. "Procedural and distributive fairness: Determinants of overall price fairness."Journal of business ethics121.2 (2014): 217-231. Pierro, Antonio, et al. "Follower need for cognitive closure as moderator of the effectiveness of leader procedural fairness."European Journal of Work and Oganizational Psychology23.4 (2014): 582-595 Zhang, Weiyu. "Perceived procedural fairness in deliberation: Predictors and effects."Communication Research42.3 (2015): 345-364 Evans, John M. "Fair's Fair: Judging Administrative Procedures."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice28.2 (2015): 111 Aylward, Stephen, and Luisa Ritacca. "In Defence of Administrative Law: Procedural Fairness for Administrative Monetary Penalties."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice28.1 (2015): 35. Leyland, Peter, and Gordon Anthony.Textbook on administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016. LeBel, Louis. "Notes for an address: Reflections on natural justice and procedural fairness in Canadian administrative law."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice26.1 (2013): 51. Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Asimow, Michael. "Five models of administrative adjudication."The American Journal of Comparative Law63.1 (2015): 3-32. Poirier, Johanne. "Intergovernmental Agreements in Canada: At the crossroads between law and politics." (2015). Carr, Cecil T.Delegated legislation. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016 LeBel, Louis. "Notes for an address: Reflections on natural justice and procedural fairness in Canadian administrative law."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice26.1 (2013): 51. Evans, John M. "Fair's Fair: Judging Administrative Procedures."Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice28.2 (2015): 111. Pierro, Antonio, et al. "Follower need for cognitive closure as moderator of the effectiveness of leader procedural fairness."European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology23.4 (2014): 582-595. Leyland, Peter, and Gordon Anthony.Textbook on administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example Essay Example

Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example Paper Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Introduction The purpose of this analysis is to identify the key findings in â€Å"NHS dental services in England – An independent review led by Professor Jimmy Steele†. The reasons for the commission of the report will be explained and the main findings will be compared with other sources. In 2009 Professor Jimmy Steele – practicing Dental consultant, researcher and the current head of the Dental institute at Newcastle University – led a review into National Health Service (NHS) Dental services in England. The aim of the review is to provide advice to the Government on how NHS dentistry could â€Å"become more accessible and efficient, be delivered to a higher quality and be more preventively focused†(1). Professor Steele and his review team did this by determining the problems in NHS dentistry, reviewing the core principles of the NHS and how they apply to dentistry and finally once there is a clear picture of NHS dentistry and its pros and cons from multiple viewpoints was obtained the review team were able to specify and recommend solutions as well as identify who would be responsible for delivering the changes. Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Body Paragraphs The research team began outlining the history of dentistry in the NHS. Prior to the birth of the National Health Service, in 1948, oral health in England was very poor and extraction was favored over treatment (2). Oral health is defined as a standard of health related to the oral and related tissues that allow the individual to eat, speak and socialize without discomfort or embarrassment (3). Patient charges were brought in after three years. Although oral health improved, one area seemed to stagnate and that was that the system focused on treatment rather than prevention. Patients were not taking â€Å"responsibility for their oral health†(4) or being advised to do so. The cited improvement in oral health in the UK is backed up by studies referenced in Dental Public Health – A Primer by Patel Patel. The percentage of edentulous (lacking teeth) adults declined from approximately 38% in 1968 to approximately 12% in 1998 (Kelly et al. , 2000; Gray et al. , 1970)(5). The 90’s saw an increase in private practice as Dentists saw a 7% cut in fees paid by the Government (6). At the time of the report, Dentists were able to decide how much NHS care vs. private care they offered, if they offered NHS care at all. Dentists were also able to pick and choose which treatments they offered via the NHS. As is with the whole of the NHS, Dental services can be controversial. There is diverse opinion in terms of what the public can expect from NHS dentistry and how much they should pay for it. Aside from prescription contribution most of the rest of the NHS is a free at the point of access service and there are many who feel that dental services should be the same. Another rising concern since the 90’s is access, as previously stated many dentists are turning towards private practice and away from the NHS. Access is deals with ease of availability and accessibility of dental services when required (7). Which? Consumer research group stated that 68% o f those surveyed, during a parallel study, 90% of those were able to get an NHS dental appointment, however those who not able to were affected severely (8). Through quotes from the public and data from an external survey, the review suggests that the main concerns from the public are access, cost, transparency and quality dentist/patient relationship. Many dentists in the UK, as in many parts of the world, have a dual role as clinician and businessperson. The dentist has to balance good clinical decision-making and prescribing the best care plan with managing their business and meeting costs (9). Dentists are also often faced with what they feel is government bureaucracy and substandard commissioning of services. At the time of the review Dentists were re-numerated for NHS work through UDA’s or Unit of Dental Activity. Each treatment is assigned a value in UDA’s depending on the complexity of the treatment and the dentist is paid a varied amount per UDA depending thei r contract. The contract comes with a target number of UDA’s to be delivered in a 12-month period. A consequence of this system is that many dentists felt they were operating in a manner contrary to the reasons they entered dentistry in the first place. Dentists had become target driven, looking to meet their UDA target in the most efficient way possible in parallel with optimum patient care, two objectives that some felt were the antithesis of each other. For example same dentist can treat a patient for many years, but when that patient requires a more complex treatment that is not cost effective to the dentist, the patient can be turned away. The patient is then left to find another dentist is the area that will provide the necessary treatment via the NHS, with no clear system on how to do this and a presumably worsening discomfort or pain. Although care is taken to examine the views, needs and motivations for patients, dentists and the Primary Care Trusts (PCT) and Departm ent of Health (DOH), this analysis will focus on the implications for the public and dentists. By highlighting the responsibilities to each other of the three groups, the review team were able to make recommendations on potential changes to the system. The findings and recommendations of this review are grouped according to the three invested and interested parties. Much of the recommendations in regards to what the patient should get centers around information. Multi-platform public information campaigns that support and educate patients to take responsibility for their own oral health and inclusion of oral health benefits in overall recommendations that include reducing alcohol intake and stopping smoking (10). The review also recommends national and local campaigns on â€Å"how to find a dentist and what to expect† when the patient gets there. Access itself features heavily in the recommendations, including emergency care, continuing care and complex care. The Which? repor t goes further in its recommendations to say that Dentists not taking on NHS patients should have a duty to direct patients to the PCT (11) for further direction to an alternative local NHS dentist. Patient charges is something that was always going to feature, according to the review patient charges underwent a severe simplification in 2006 from close to 400 fees to 3 cost bands for different treatments (12). The suggestion is that the simplification was too extreme and that any future review of the charging scheme should increase the cost bands to 10 and that they should align with the cost of the provision of the treatments and finally that patients should be incentivized to take good care of their oral health. Recommendations for changes in the contract between dentists and PCT’s look to shift dentists to be re-numerated based on activity, quality and continued care as opposed to just activity. There is also a clear suggestion that care providers, the clinic owners, shoul d ultimately be responsible for quality of care as well as for quality of the treatment environment. The review is also careful to advise that any changes in the contract should be piloted before full rollout, as this was identified as lacking in previous changes. The public can only benefit from further education on and a greater investment in their own public health. Any education campaigns should be targeted heavily on the young in order to change the mindset of a generation with information being provided via appropriate media to affect all current and future dental patients. Patients would also benefit from a demystifying of the dental profession with more open communication from the dentists about the treatment they receive. A change in the dental contracts as recommended in the review should allow dentists to begin seeing their patients as individuals again and allow them to spend more time with their patients and ultimately bring more dentist back to the NHS, which in turn w ould improve access. A more engaged patient as a result of education would also let the dentist feel confident in prescribing long-term care plans rather than acute treatment. In conclusion NHS dentistry must balance the delivery of services to the public as and when they requires or desire it with a suitable incentive programme that drives dentists to deliver against these needs – all whilst maintaining a reasonable cost to the patient and the PCT’s. The sources cited in this analysis agree that prevention should be prioritized over treatment, however this requires patient participation and engagement, which can be achieved with public information campaigns and more open dentist/patient relationships. NHS dentistry in England is a complex machine that requires slow and steady change with continued feedback from the public and dental professionals in order to continue to evolve and maintain high standards of care and become preventively focused. References 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10 ,12. . 2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. blackcountry. nhs. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/The-Steel-Review. pdf. [Accessed 08 May 2013]. 8, 11. . 2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. which. co. uk/documents/pdf/independent-review-of-nhs-dentistry-which-response-178905. pdf. [Accessed 14 May 2013]. 3. Meera Patel Nakul Patel, 2006. Dental Public Health. Edition. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p5 5. Patel Patel, p14 7. Patel Patel, p46 We will write a custom essay sample on Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer